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tl16c450 asynchronous communications element slls037b march 1988 revised march 1996 1 post office box 655303 ? dallas, texas 75265 programmable baud rate generator allows division of any input reference clock by 1 to (2 16 1) and generates an internal 16 clock full double buffering eliminates the need for precise synchronization standard asynchronous communication bits (start, stop, and parity) added or deleted to or from the serial data stream independent receiver clock input transmit, receive, line status, and data set interrupts independently controlled fully programmable serial interface characteristics: 5 -, 6 -, 7 -, or 8-bit characters even -, odd -, or no-parity bit generation and detection 1 -, 1 1/2 -, or 2-stop bit generation baud generation (dc to 256 kbit/s) false start bit detection complete status reporting capabilities 3-state ttl drive capabilities for bidirectional data bus and control bus line break generation and detection internal diagnostic capabilities: loopback controls for communications link fault isolation break, parity, overrun, framing error simulation fully prioritized interrupt system controls modem control functions (cts , rts , dsr , dtr , ri , and dcd ) easily interfaces to most popular microprocessors faster plug-in replacement for national semiconductor ns16c450 description the tl16c450 is a cmos version of an asynchronous communications element (ace). it typically functions in a microcomputer system as a serial input/output interface. please be aware that an important notice concerning availability, standard warranty, and use in critical applications of texas instruments semiconductor products and disclaimers thereto appears at the end of this data sheet. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 d0 d1 d2 d3 d4 d5 d6 d7 rclk sin sout cs0 cs1 cs2 baudout xtal1 xtal2 dostr dostr v ss v cc ri dcd dsr cts mr out1 dtr rts out2 intrpt nc a0 a1 a2 ads csout ddis distr distr n package (top view) mr out1 dtr rts out2 nc intrp t nc a0 a1 a2 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 18 19 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 d5 d6 d7 rclk sin nc sout cs0 cs1 cs2 b audout 20 21 22 23 fn package (top view) ri dcd dsr cts 54 3 21 644 d4 d3 d2 d1 d0 nc distr ddis csout ads xtal1 xtal2 dostr dostr nc distr 42 41 40 43 24 25 26 27 28 n c no internal connection v cc v ss production data information is current as of publication date. products conform to specifications per the terms of texas instruments standard warranty. production processing does not necessarily include testing of all parameters. copyright ? 1996, texas instruments incorporated
tl16c450 asynchronous communications element slls037b march 1988 revised march 1996 2 post office box 655303 ? dallas, texas 75265 description (continued) the tl16c450 performs serial-to-parallel conversion on data received from a peripheral device or modem and parallel-to-serial conversion on data received from its cpu. the cpu can read and report on the status of the ace at any point in the ace's operation. reported status information includes the type of transfer operation in progress, the status of the operation, and any error conditions encountered. the tl16c450 ace includes a programmable, on-board, baud rate generator. this generator is capable of dividing a reference clock input by divisors from 1 to (2 16 1) and producing a 16 clock for driving the internal transmitter logic. provisions are included to use this 16 clock to drive the receiver logic. also included in the ace is a complete modem control capability and a processor interrupt system that may be software tailored to the user's requirements to minimize the computing required to handle the communications link.
tl16c450 asynchronous communications element slls037b march 1988 revised march 1996 3 post office box 655303 ? dallas, texas 75265 block diagram receiver buffer register line control register divisor latch (ls) 32 36 33 37 38 39 34 31 11 15 9 10 28 27 26 12 13 14 25 35 22 21 19 18 23 24 16 17 1 8 30 a0 a1 a2 cs0 cs1 cs2 ads mr distr distr dostr dostr csout xtal1 xtal2 d7 d0 ddis rts cts dtr dsr dcd ri out1 out2 sout baudout rclk sin intrpt v cc v ss 40 20 divisor latch (ms) line status register transmitter holding register modem control register modem status register interrupt enable register interrupt i/o register interrupt control logic baud generator receiver shift register receiver timing and control data bus buffer internal data bus transmitter timing and control transmitter shift register modem control logic power supply select and control logic terminal numbers shown are for the n package.
tl16c450 asynchronous communications element slls037b march 1988 revised march 1996 4 post office box 655303 ? dallas, texas 75265 terminal functions terminal i/o description name no. 2 i/o description a0 a1 a2 28 27 26 i register select. a0, a1, and a2 are three inputs used during read and write operations to select the ace register to read from or write to. refer to table 1 for register addresses, also refer to the address strobe (ads ) signal description. ads 25 i address strobe. when ads is active (low), the register select signals (a0, a1, and a2) and chip select signals (cs0, cs1, cs2 ) drive the internal select logic directly; when high, the register select and chip select signals are held in the state they were in when the low-to-high transition of ads occurred. baudout 15 o baud out. baudout is a16 clock signal for the transmitter section of the ace. the clock rate is established by the reference oscillator frequency divided by a divisor specified by the baud generator divisor latches. baudout may also be used for the receiver section by tying this output to the rclk input. cs0 cs1 cs2 12 13 14 i chip select. when csx is active (high, high, and low respectively), the ace is selected. refer to the ads signal description. csout 24 o chip select out. when csout is high, it indicates that the ace has been selected by the chip select inputs (cs0, cs1, and cs2 ). csout is low when the chip is deselected. cts 36 i clear to send. cts is a modem status signal. its condition can be checked by reading bit 4 (cts) of the modem status register. bit 0 (dcts) of the modem status register indicates that this signal has changed states since the last read from the modem status register. if the modem status interrupt is enabled when cts changes state, an interrupt is generated. d0 d7 1 8 i/o data bus. d0 d7 are 3-state data lines that provide a bidirectional path for data, control, and status information between the ace and the cpu. dcd 38 i data carrier detect. dcd is a modem status signal. its condition can be checked by reading bit 7 (dcd) of the modem status register. bit 3 (ddcd) of the modem status register indicates that this signal has changed states since the last read from the modem status register. if the modem status interrupt is enabled when the dcd changes state, an interrupt is generated. ddis 23 o driver disable. ddis is active (high) when the cpu is not reading data. when active, this output can disable an external transceiver. distr distr 22 21 i data input strobes. when either distr or distr is active (high or low respectively) while the ace is selected, the cpu is allowed to read status information or data from a selected ace register. only one of these inputs is required for the transfer of data during a read operation. the other input should be tied in its inactive state (i.e., distr tied low or distr tied high). dostr dostr 19 18 i data output strobes. when either dostr or dostr is active (high or low respectively), while the ace is selected, the cpu is allowed to write control words or data into a selected ace register. only one of these inputs is required to transfer data during a write operation. the other input should be tied in its inactive state (i.e., dostr tied low or dostr tied high). dsr 37 i data set ready. dsr is a modem status signal. its condition can be checked by reading bit 5 (dsr) of the modem status register. bit 1 (ddsr) of the modem status register indicates that this signal has changed state since the last read from the modem status register. if the modem status interrupt is enabled when the dsr changes state, an interrupt is generated. dtr 33 o data terminal ready. when active (low), dtr informs a modem or data set that the ace is ready to establish communication. dtr is placed in the active state by setting the dtr bit of the modem control register to a high level. dtr is placed in the inactive state either as a result of a master reset or during loop mode operation or clearing bit 0 (dtr) of the modem control register. intrpt 30 o interrupt. when active (high), intrpt informs the cpu that the ace has an interrupt to be serviced. the four conditions that cause an interrupt are: a receiver error, received data is available, the transmitter holding register is empty, or an enabled modem status interrupt. the intrpt output is reset (inactivated) either when the interrupt is serviced or as a result of a master reset. mr 35 i master reset. when active (high), mr clears most ace registers and sets the state of various output signals. refer to table 2 for ace reset functions. 2 terminal numbers shown are for the n package.
tl16c450 asynchronous communications element slls037b march 1988 revised march 1996 5 post office box 655303 ? dallas, texas 75265 terminal functions (continued) terminal i/o description name no. 2 i/o description out1 out2 34 31 o outputs 1 and 2. out1 and out2 are user-designated output terminals that are set to their active states by setting their respective modem control register bits (out1 and out2) high. out1 and out2 are set to their inactive (high) states as a result of master reset or during loop mode operations or by clearing bit 2 (out1) or bit 3 (out2) of the mcr. rclk 9 i receiver clock. rclk is the 16 baud rate clock for the receiver section of the ace. ri 39 i ring indicator. ri is a modem status signal. its condition can be checked by reading bit 6 (ri) of the modem status register. bit 2 (teri) of the modem status register indicates that the ri input has transitioned from a low to a high state since the last read from the modem status register. if the modem status interrupt is enabled when this transition occurs, an interrupt is generated. rts 32 o request to send. when active, rts informs the modem or data set that the ace is ready to transmit data. rts is set to its active state by setting the rts modem control register bit and is set to its inactive (high) state either as a result of a master reset or during loop mode operations or by clearing bit 1 (rts) of the mcr. sin 10 i serial input. sin is the serial data input from a connected communications device. sout 11 o serial output. sout is the composite serial data output to a connected communication device. sout is set to the marking (set) state as a result of mr. v cc 40 5-v supply voltage v ss 20 supply common xtal1 xtal2 16 17 i/o external clock. xtal1 and xtal2 connect the ace to the main timing reference (clock or crystal). 2 terminal numbers shown are for the n package. absolute maximum ratings over free-air temperature range (unless otherwise noted) 2 supply voltage range, v cc (see note 1) 0.5 v to 7 v . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . input voltage range at any input, v i 0.5 v to 7 v . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . output voltage range, v o 0.5 v to 7 v . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . continuous total power dissipation at (or below) 70 c free-air temperature: fn package 1100 mw . . . . . . . n package 800 mw . . . . . . . . . operating free-air temperature range, t a 0 c to 70 c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . storage temperature range, t stg 65 c to 150 c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . case temperature for 10 seconds, t c : fn package 260 c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lead temperature 1,6 mm (1/16 inch) from case for 10 seconds: n package 260 c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 stresses beyond those listed under aabsolute maximum ratingso may cause permanent damage to the device. these are stress rating s only and functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions beyond those indicated under arecommended operating conditi onso is not implied. exposure to absolute-maximum-rated conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability. note 1: all voltage values are with respect to v ss . recommended operating conditions min nom max unit supply voltage, v cc 4.75 5 5.25 v high-level input voltage, v ih 2 v cc v low-level input voltage, v il 0.5 0.8 v operating free-air temperature, t a 0 70 c
tl16c450 asynchronous communications element slls037b march 1988 revised march 1996 6 post office box 655303 ? dallas, texas 75265 electrical characteristics over recommended ranges of supply voltage and operating free-air temperature (unless otherwise noted) parameter test conditions min typ 2 max unit v oh 3 high-level output voltage i oh = 1 ma 2.4 v v ol 3 low-level output voltage i ol = 1.6 ma 0.4 v i ik in p ut leakage current v cc = 5.25 v, v ss = 0, 10 m a i ikg inp u t leakage c u rrent cc , ss , v i = 0 to 5.25 v, all other terminals floating 10 m a i oz high im p edance out p ut current v cc = 5.25 v, v ss = 0, v o =0vto525v 20 m a i oz high - impedance o u tp u t c u rrent v o = 0 v to 5 . 25 v , chip selected, write mode,or chip deselected 20 m a v cc = 5.25 v, t a = 25 c, i cc su pp ly current v cc = 5 . 25 v , t a = 25 c , sin, dsr, dcd, cts, and ri at 2 v, 10 ma i cc s u ppl y c u rrent ,,,, , all other inputs at 0.8 v, baud rate = 50 kbits/s, 10 ma xtal1 at 4 mhz, no load on outputs c xtal1 clock input capacitance 15 20 pf c xtal2 clock output capacitance v cc = 0, v ss = 0, f = 1 mhz t a =25 c 20 30 pf c i input capacitance f = 1 mhz , t a = 25 c , all other terminals g rounded 6 10 pf c o output capacitance all other terminals grounded 10 20 pf 2 all typical values are at v cc = 5 v, t a = 25 c. 3 these parameters apply for all outputs except xtal2. system timing requirements over recommended ranges of supply voltage and operating free-air temperature parameter figure min max unit t cr cycle time, read (t w7 + t d8 + t d9 ) 175 ns t cw cycle time, write (t w6 + t d5 + t d6 ) 175 ns t w5 pulse duration, ads low 2, 3 15 ns t w6 pulse duration, write strobe 2 80 ns t w7 pulse duration, read strobe 3 80 ns t wmr pulse duration, master reset 1000 ns t su1 setup time, address valid before ads 2, 3 15 ns t su2 setup time, cs valid before ads 2, 3 15 ns t su3 setup time, data valid before wr1 or wr2 2 15 ns t h1 hold time, address low after ads 2, 3 0 ns t h2 hold time, cs valid after ads 2, 3 0 ns t h3 hold time, cs valid after wr1 or wr2 2 20 ns t h4 hold time, address valid after wr1 or wr2 2 20 ns t h5 hold time, data valid after wr1 or wr2 2 15 ns t h6 hold time, cs valid after rd1 or rd2 3 20 ns t h7 hold time, address valid after rd1 or rd2 3 20 ns t d4 delay time, cs valid before wr1 or wr2 2 15 ns t d5 delay time, address valid before wr1 or wr2 2 15 ns t d6 delay time, write cycle, wr1 or wr2 to ads 2 80 ns t d7 delay time, cs valid to rd1 or rd2 3 15 ns t d8 delay time, address valid to rd1 or rd2 3 15 ns t d9 delay time, read cycle, rd1 or rd2 to ads 3 80 ns only applies when ads is low.
tl16c450 asynchronous communications element slls037b march 1988 revised march 1996 7 post office box 655303 ? dallas, texas 75265 system switching characteristics over recommended ranges of supply voltage and operating free-air temperature parameter figure test conditions min max unit t w1 pulse duration, clock high 1 f = 9 mhz maximum 50 ns t w2 pulse duration, clock low 1 f = 9 mhz maximum 50 ns t d3 delay time, select to cs output 2, 3 2 c l = 100 pf 70 ns t d10 delay time, rd1 or rd2 to data valid 3 c l = 100 pf 60 ns t d11 delay time, rd1 or rd2 to floating data 3 c l = 100 pf 0 60 ns t dis(r) disable time, rd1 or rd2 to ddis 3 c l = 100 pf 60 ns 2 only applies when ads is low. baud generator switching characteristics over recommended ranges of supply voltage and operating free-air temperature parameter figure test conditions min max unit t 3 pulse duration baudout low 1 f = 6.25 mhz, clk 1, 80 ns t w3 p u l se d ura ti on, baudout l ow 1 , , c l = 100 pf 80 ns t 4 pulse duration baudout high 1 f = 6.25 mhz, clk 1, 80 ns t w4 p u l se d ura ti on, baudout hi g h 1 , , c l = 100 pf 80 ns t d1 delay time, xin to baudout 1 c l = 100 pf 125 ns t d2 delay time, xin to baudout 1 c l = 100 pf 125 ns receiver switching characteristics over recommended ranges of supply voltage and operating free-air temperature parameter figure test conditions min max unit t d12 delay time, rclk to sample clock 4 100 ns t d13 delay time, stop to set rcv error interrupt or read rdr to lsi interru p torsto p to 4 1 1 rclk t d13 rdr to lsi interrupt or stop to rxrdy 4 1 1 cycles t d14 delay time, read rbr/lsr to reset interrupt 4 c l = 100 pf 140 ns transmitter switching characteristics over recommended ranges of supply voltage and operating free-air temperature parameter figure test conditions min max unit t d15 delay time intrpt to transmit start 5 8 24 baudout t d15 dela y time , intrpt to transmit start 5 8 24 cycles t d16 delay time start to interru p t 5 8 8 baudout t d16 dela y time , start to interr u pt 5 8 8 cycles t d17 delay time, wr thr to reset interrupt 5 c l = 100 pf 140 ns t d18 delay time initial write to interru p t (thre) 5 16 32 baudout t d18 dela y time , initial w rite to interr u pt (thre) 5 16 32 cycles t d19 delay time, read iir to reset interrupt (thre) 5 c l = 100 pf 140 ns
tl16c450 asynchronous communications element slls037b march 1988 revised march 1996 8 post office box 655303 ? dallas, texas 75265 modem control switching characteristics over recommended ranges of supply voltage and operating free-air temperature parameter figure test conditions min max unit t d20 delay time, wr mcr to output 6 c l = 100 pf 100 ns t d21 delay time, modem interrupt to set interrupt 6 c l = 100 pf 170 ns t d22 delay time, rd msr to reset interrupt 6 c l = 100 pf 140 ns parameter measurement information (n-2) xtal1 cycles 2xtal1 cycles t w1 t w2 2 v 0.8 v n t d2 t d1 t d1 t d2 t w3 t w4 rclk (9 mhz max) xtal1 baudout (1/1) baudout (1/2) baudout (1/3) baudout (1/n) (n > 3) 90% 90% 10% figure 1. baud generator timing waveforms
tl16c450 asynchronous communications element slls037b march 1988 revised march 1996 9 post office box 655303 ? dallas, texas 75265 parameter measurement information valid data t w5 t su1 t su2 t su3 t h1 t h2 t h3 t h4 2 t h5 t d3 t d3 t d4 2 t d5 2 t d6 t w6 active valid 2 valid valid valid 2 ads a0 a2 cs0, cs1, cs2 csout dostr, d0 d7 dostr 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 10% 2 applicable only when ads is tied low. figure 2. write cycle timing waveforms
tl16c450 asynchronous communications element slls037b march 1988 revised march 1996 10 post office box 655303 ? dallas, texas 75265 parameter measurement information valid data t w5 t su1 t su2 t d10 t h1 t h2 t h6 t h7 2 t d11 t d3 2 t d3 2 t d7 2 t d8 2 t d9 t w7 active valid 2 valid valid valid 2 ads a0 a2 cs0, cs1, cs2 csout distr, d0 d7 distr ddis t dis(r) t dis(r) 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 50% 10% 50% 10% 10% 2 applicable only when ads is tied low. figure 3. read cycle timing waveforms
tl16c450 asynchronous communications element slls037b march 1988 revised march 1996 11 post office box 655303 ? dallas, texas 75265 parameter measurement information rclk active t d12 8 clks start data bits 5 8 parity stop t d13 t d14 sample clock sin sample clock intrpt (rdr/lsi) distr, distr (rd rbr/lsr) 90% 90% 10% figure 4. receiver timing waveforms intrpt (thre) start data bits parity stop t d15 sout dostr distr (rd iir) t d16 t d19 t d17 t d18 t d17 start (wr thr) 50% 50% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 10% 10% 50% 90% figure 5. transmitter timing waveforms
tl16c450 asynchronous communications element slls037b march 1988 revised march 1996 12 post office box 655303 ? dallas, texas 75265 parameter measurement information intrpt (modem) dostr (wr mcr) ri distr (rd msr) t d20 cts , dsr , dcd t d20 t d21 t d22 t d21 rts , dtr out 1 , out 2 90% 90% 90% 10% 10% 10% 50% 50% 50% 90% figure 6. modem control timing waveforms
tl16c450 asynchronous communications element slls037b march 1988 revised march 1996 13 post office box 655303 ? dallas, texas 75265 application information sout d7 d0 distr dostr intrpt mr a0 a1 a2 ads dostr distr cs2 cs1 cs0 d7 d0 memr or i/or memw or i/on intr reset a0 a1 a2 cs sin rts dtr dsr dcd cts ri tl16c450 (ace) xtal1 xtal2 baudout rclk eia 232-d drivers and receivers l h 3.072 mhz c p u b u s figure 7. basic tl16c450 configuration microcomputer system tl16c450 (ace) receiver disable dostr d7 d0 ddis driver disable 8-bit bus transceiver wr data bus data bus figure 8. typical interface for a high-capacity data bus
tl16c450 asynchronous communications element slls037b march 1988 revised march 1996 14 post office box 655303 ? dallas, texas 75265 application information xtal1 cs0 cs1 cs2 ads mr a0 a2 d0 d7 dostr distr xtal2 baudout rclk tl16c450 dtr rts out1 out2 ri dcd dsr cts sout sin intrpt csout ddis nc dostr distr 20 1 8 6 5 2 3 7 1 33 32 34 31 39 38 37 36 11 10 30 24 23 29 a16 a23 a16 a23 12 13 14 25 35 21 18 22 19 ad0 ad7 buffer address decoder cpu ads rsi /abt ad0 ad15 phi2 phi1 phi2 phi1 rsto ads ro wr tcu ad0 ad15 20 40 gnd (v ss) 5 v (v cc) alternate xtal control 9 17 16 15 5 v eia-232-d connector figure 9. typical tl16c450 connection to a cpu
tl16c450 asynchronous communications element slls037b march 1988 revised march 1996 15 post office box 655303 ? dallas, texas 75265 principles of operation table 1. register selection dlab 2 a2 a1 a0 register 0 l l l receiver buffer (read), transmitter holding register (write) 0 l l h interrupt enable x l h l interrupt identification (read only) x l h h line control x h l l modem control x h l h line status x h h l modem status x h h h scratch 1 l l l divisor latch (lsb) 1 l l h divisor latch (msb) 2 the divisor latch access bit (dlab) is the most significant bit of the line control register. the dlab signal is controlled by writing to this bit location (see table 3). table 2. ace reset functions register/signal reset reset state register/signal control reset state interrupt enable register master reset all bits low (0 3 forced and 4 7 permanent) interru p t identification register master reset bit 0 is high, bits 1 and 2 are low, and bits 3 7 are interr u pt identification register master reset g, , permanently low line control register all bits low modem control register master reset all bits low line status register master reset bits 5 and 6 are high, all other bits are low modem status register master reset bits 0 3 are low, bits 4 7 are input signals sout master reset high intrpt (receiver error flag) read lsr/mr low intrpt (received data available) read rbr/mr low intrpt (transmitter holding register em p ty) read iir/write low intrpt (transmitter holding register empt y ) thr/mr lo w intrpt (modem status changes) read msr/mr low out2 master reset high rts master reset high dtr master reset high out1 master reset high scratch register master reset no effect divisor latch (lsb and msb) register master reset no effect receiver buffer register master reset no effect transmitter holding register master reset no effect
tl16c450 asynchronous communications element slls037b march 1988 revised march 1996 16 post office box 655303 ? dallas, texas 75265 principles of operation accessible registers the system programmer, using the cpu, has access to and control over any of the ace registers that are summarized in table 3. these registers control ace operations, receive data, and transmit data. descriptions of these registers follow table 3. table 3. summary of accessible registers register address bit o dlab = 0 o dlab = 0 1 dlab = 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 o dlab = 1 1 dlab = 0 bit no. receiver transmitter interr pt interrupt line no . buffer holding i n t errup t enable p ident. li ne control modem line modem scratch divisor latch register g register enable register register control register control status status scratch register latch latch (msb) (read (write register ier (read register lcr register register register register (lsb) (msb) only) only) ier only) lcr rbr thr ier iir lcr mcr lsr msr scr dll dlm enable word enable received a 0 o if w or d length data data delta 0 data bit 0 * data bit 0 ece ed data a0o if interru p t l eng th select terminal d a t a ready clear bit 0 bit 0 bit 8 0 data bit 0* data bit 0 available i n t errup t pending select bit 0 ready r ea d y (dr) to send bit 0 bit 0 bit 8 interrupt pending bit 0 (wlso) (dtr) (dr) (dcts) (erbf) (wlso) enable enable transmitter word delta as e holding interrupt length request overrun data 1 data bit 1 data bit 1 g register id g select q to send error set bit 1 bit 1 bit 9 g empty bit (0) bit 1 (rts) (oe) ready interrupt (wls1) (ddsr) (etbe) enable trailing receiver interrupt number of parity t ra ili ng edge ring 2 data bit 2 data bit 2 line status id stop bits out 1 y error ed ge ri ng indicator bit 2 bit 2 bit 10 interrupt bit (1) (stb) (pe) indicator (teri) (elsi) (teri) enable delta modem parity framing data 3 data bit 3 data bit 3 status 0 y enable out 2 g error carrier bit 3 bit 3 bit 11 interrupt (pen) (fe) detect (edssi) (ddcd) even bk cl 4 data bit 4 data bit 4 0 0 even parity loo p break interru p t clear to send bit 4 bit 4 bit 12 4 data bit 4 data bit 4 0 0 y select l oop i n t errup t (bi) t o s en d (cts) bit 4 bit 4 bit 12 (eps) (bi) (cts) transmitter data 5 data bit 5 data bit 5 0 0 stick 0 transmitter holding data set bit 5 bit 5 bit 13 5 data bit 5 data bit 5 0 0 parity 0 g register ready bit 5 bit 5 bit 13 (thre) (dsr) set transmitter ring 6 data bit 6 data bit 6 0 0 s e t break 0 empty g indicator bit 6 bit 6 bit 14 break (temt) (ri) divisor data 7 data bit 7 data bit 7 0 0 latch access 0 0 data carrier bit 7 bit 7 bit 15 7 data bit 7 data bit 7 0 0 access bit 0 0 detect (dcd) bit 7 bit 7 bit 15 (dlab) (dcd) *bit 0 is the least significant bit. it is the first bit serially transmitted or received.
tl16c450 asynchronous communications element slls037b march 1988 revised march 1996 17 post office box 655303 ? dallas, texas 75265 principles of operation interrupt enable register (ier) the ier enables each of the four types of interrupts (refer to table 4) and the intrpt output signal in response to an interrupt generation. by clearing bits 0 3, the ier can also disable the interrupt system. the contents of this register are summarized in table 3 and are described in the following bulleted list. bit 0: this bit, when set, enables the received data available interrupt. bit 1: this bit, when set, enables the thre interrupt. bit 2: this bit, when set, enables the receiver line status interrupt. bit 3: this bit, when set, enables the modem status interrupt. bits 4 7: these bits in the ier are not used and are always cleared. interrupt identification register (iir) the ace has an on-chip interrupt generation and prioritization capability that permits a flexible interface with most microprocessors. the ace provides four prioritized levels of interrupts: priority 1 receiver line status (highest priority) priority 2 receiver data ready or receiver character time out priority 3 transmitter holding register empty priority 4 modem status (lowest priority) when an interrupt is generated, the iir indicates that an interrupt is pending and the type of interrupt in its three least significant bits (bits 0, 1, and 2). the contents of this register are summarized in table 3 and described in table 4. bit 0: this bit can be used either in a hardwire prioritized or polled interrupt system. when bit 0 is cleared, an interrupt is pending. when bit 0 is set, no interrupt is pending. bits 1 and 2: these two bits identify the highest priority interrupt pending as indicated in table 4. bits 3 7: these bits in the iir are not used and are always clear.
tl16c450 asynchronous communications element slls037b march 1988 revised march 1996 18 post office box 655303 ? dallas, texas 75265 principles of operation interrupt identification register (iir) (continued) table 4. interrupt control functions interrupt identification priority interrupt type interrupt source interrupt reset register level interrupt type interrupt source method bit 2 bit 1 bit 0 0 0 1 none none none overrun error, parity error, reading the line status 1 1 0 1 receiver line status ,y , framing error or break r ea di ng th e li ne s t a t us register interrupt register 1 0 0 2 received data available receiver data available reading the receiver buffer 1 0 0 2 recei v ed data a v ailable recei v er data a v ailable buffer register reading the interru p t transmitter holding register transmitter holding register reading the interru t identification re g ister ( if 0 1 0 3 t ransm itt er h o ldi ng reg i s t er em p ty t ransm itt er h o ldi ng reg i s t er em p ty identification register (if source of interrupt) or writing em ty em ty into the transmitter holding it register clear to send, data set reading the modem status 0 0 0 4 modem status , ready, ring indicator, or data reading the modem stat u s register carrier detect register line control register (lcr) the system programmer controls the format of the asynchronous data communication exchange through the lcr. in addition, the programmer is able to retrieve, inspect, and modify the contents of the lcr; this eliminates the need for separate storage of the line characteristics in system memory. the contents of this register are summarized in table 3 and are described in the following bulleted list. bits 0 and 1: these two bits specify the number of bits in each transmitted or received serial character. these bits are encoded as shown in table 5. table 5. serial character word length bit 1 bit 0 word length 0 0 5 bits 0 1 6 bits 1 0 7 bits 1 1 8 bits bit 2: this bit specifies either one, one and one-half, or two stop bits in each transmitted character. when bit 2 is cleared, one stop bit is generated in the data. when bit 2 is set, the number of stop bits generated is dependent on the word length selected with bits 0 and 1. the receiver checks the first stop bit only, regardless of the number of stop bits selected. the number of stop bits generated, in relation to word length and bit 2, is shown in table 6.
tl16c450 asynchronous communications element slls037b march 1988 revised march 1996 19 post office box 655303 ? dallas, texas 75265 principles of operation line control register (lcr) (continued) table 6. number of stop bits generated bit 2 word length selected number of stop bit 2 g by bits 1 and 2 p bits generated 0 any word length 1 1 5 bits 1 1/2 1 6 bits 2 1 7 bits 2 1 8 bits 2 bit 3: this bit is the parity enable bit. when bit 3 is set, a parity bit is generated in transmitted data between the last data word bit and the first stop bit. in received data, if bit 3 is set, parity is checked. when bit 3 is cleared, no parity is generated or checked. bit 4: this bit is the even parity select bit. when parity is enabled (bit 3 is set) and bit 4 is set, even parity (an even number of logic 1s is in the data and parity bits) is selected. when parity is enabled (bit 3 is set) and bit 4 is clear, odd parity (an odd number of logic 1s) is selected. bit 5: this is the stick parity bit. when bits 3, 4, and 5 are set, the parity bit is transmitted and checked as cleared. when bits 3 and 5 are set and bit 4 is cleared, the parity bit is transmitted and checked as set. bit 6: this bit is the break control bit. bit 6 is set to force a break condition, i.e, a condition where the serial output terminal (sout) is forced to the spacing (cleared) state. when bit 6 is cleared, the break condition is disabled. the break condition has no affect on the transmitter logic, it only affects the serial output. bit 7: this bit is the divisor latch access bit (dlab). bit 7 must be set to access the divisor latches of the baud generator during a read or write. bit 7 must be cleared during a read or write to access the receiver buffer, the thr, or the ier. line status register (lsr) 2 the lsr provides information to the cpu concerning the status of data transfers. the contents of this register are summarized in table 3 and are described in the following bulleted list. bit 0: this bit is the data ready (dr) indicator for the receiver. bit 0 is set whenever a complete incoming character has been received and transferred into the rbr and is cleared by reading the rbr. bit 1 3 : this bit is the overrun error (oe) indicator. when bit 1 is set, it indicates that before the character in the rbr was read, it was overwritten by the next character transferred into the register. the oe indicator is cleared every time the cpu reads the contents of the lsr. bit 2 3 : this bit is the parity error (pe) indicator. when bit 2 is set, it indicates that the parity of the received data character does not match the parity selected in the lcr (bit 4). the pe bit is cleared every time the cpu reads the contents of the lsr. bit 3 3 : this bit is the framing error (fe) indicator. when bit 3 is set, it indicates that the received character does not have a valid (set) stop bit. the fe bit is cleared every time the cpu reads the contents of the lsr. bit4 3 : this bit is the break interrupt (bi) indicator. when bit 4 is set, it indicates that the received data input was held clear for longer than a full-word transmission time. a full-word transmission time is defined as the total time of the start, data, parity, and stop bits. the bi bit is cleared every time the cpu reads the contents of the lsr. 2 the line status register is intended for read operations only; writing to this register is not recommended outside of a factory testing environment. 3 bits 1 through 4 are the error conditions that produce a receiver line-status interrupt.
tl16c450 asynchronous communications element slls037b march 1988 revised march 1996 20 post office box 655303 ? dallas, texas 75265 principles of operation line status register (lsr) 2 (continued) bit 5: this bit is the thre indicator. bit 5 is set when the thr is empty, indicating that the ace is ready to accept a new character. if the thre interrupt is enabled when the thre bit is set, then an interrupt is generated. thre is set when the contents of the thr are transferred to the transmitted shift register. this bit is cleared concurrent with the loading of the thr by the cpu. bit 6: this bit is the transmitter empty (temt) indicator. bit 6 is set when the thr and the transmitter shift register are both empty. when either the thr or the transmitter shift register contains a data character, the temt bit is cleared. bit 7: this bit is always clear. modem control register (mcr) the mcr is an 8-bit register that controls an interface with a modem, data set, or peripheral device that is emulating a modem. the contents of this register are summarized in table 3 and are described in the following bulleted list. bit 0: this bit (dtr) controls the data terminal ready (dtr ) output. setting bit 0 forces the dtr output to its active state (low). when bit 0 is clear, dtr goes high. bit 1: this bit (rts) controls the request to send (rts ) output in a manner identical to bit 0's control over the dtr output. bit 2: this bit (out1) controls the output 1 (out1 ) signal, a user designated output signal, in a manner identical to bit 0's control over the dtr output. bit 3: this bit (out2) controls the output 2 (out2 ) signal, a user designated output signal, in a manner identical to bit 0's control over the dtr output. bit 4: this bit provides a local loopback feature for diagnostic testing of the ace. when bit 4 is set, the following occurs: 1. the sout is asserted high. 2. the sin is disconnected. 3. the output of the transmitter shift register is looped back into the rsr input. 4. the four modem control inputs (cts , dsr , dcd , and ri ) are disconnected. 5. the four modem control outputs (dtr , rts , out1 , and out2 ) are internally connected to the four modem control inputs. 6. the four modem control output terminals are forced to their inactive states (high). in the diagnostic mode, data that is transmitted is immediately received. this allows the processor to verify the transmit and receive data paths to the ace. the receiver and transmitter interrupts are fully operational. the modem control interrupts are also operational but the modem control interrupt sources are now the lower four bits of the mcr instead of the four modem control inputs. all interrupts are still controlled by the ier. bits 5 through 7: these bits are clear. 2 the line status register is intended for read operations only; writing to this register is not recommended outside of a factory testing environment.
tl16c450 asynchronous communications element slls037b march 1988 revised march 1996 21 post office box 655303 ? dallas, texas 75265 principles of operation modem status register (msr) the msr is an 8-bit register that provides information about the current state of the control lines from the modem, data set, or peripheral device to the cpu. additionally, four bits of this register provides change information; when a control input from the modem changes state the appropriate bit is set. all four bits are cleared when the cpu reads the msr. the contents of this register are summarized in table 3 and are described in the following bulleted list. bit 0: this bit is the delta clear to send (dcts) indicator. bit 0 indicates that the cts input has changed states since the last time it was read by the cpu. when this bit is set and the modem status interrupt is enabled, a modem status interrupt is generated. bit 1: this bit is the delta data set ready (ddsr) indicator. bit 1 indicates that the dsr input has changed states since the last time it was read by the cpu. when this bit is set and the modem status interrupt is enabled, a modem status interrupt is generated. bit 2: this bit is the trailing edge of ring indicator (teri) detector. bit 2 indicates that the ri input to the chip has changed from a low to a high state. when this bit is set and the modem status interrupt is enabled, a modem status interrupt is generated. bit 3: this bit is the delta data carrier detect (ddcd) indicator. bit 3 indicates that the dcd input to the chip has changed state since the last time it was read by the cpu. when this bit is set and the modem status interrupt is enabled, a modem status interrupt is generated. bit 4: this bit is the complement of the clear to send (cts ) input. when bit 4 (loop) of the mcr is set, this bit is equivalent to the mcr bit 1 (rts). bit 5: this bit is the complement of the data set ready (dsr ) input. when bit 4 (loop) of the mcr is set, this bit is equivalent to the mcr bit 0 (dtr). bit 6: this bit is the complement of the ring indicator (ri ) input. when bit 4 (loop) of the mcr is set, this bit is equivalent to the mcrs bit 2 (out1). bit 7: this bit is the complement of the data carrier detect (dcd ) input. when bit 4 (loop) of the mcr is set, this bit is equivalent to the mcrs bit 3 (out2). programmable baud generator the ace contains a programmable baud generator that takes a clock input in the range between dc and 9 mhz and divides it by a divisor in the range between 1 and (2 16 1). the output frequency of the baud generator is sixteen times (16 ) the baud rate. the formula for the divisor is: divisor # = xtal1 frequency input (desired baud rate 16) two 8-bit registers, called divisor latches, store the divisor in a 16-bit binary format. these divisor latches must be loaded during initialization of the ace in order to ensure desired operation of the baud generator. when either of the divisor latches is loaded, a 16-bit baud counter is also loaded to prevent long counts on initial load. tables 7 and 8 illustrate the use of the baud generator with crystal frequencies of 1.8432 mhz and 3.072 mhz, respectively. for baud rates of 38.4 kilobits per second and below, the error obtained is very small. the accuracy of the selected baud rate is dependent on the selected crystal frequency. refer to figure 10 for examples of typical clock circuits.
tl16c450 asynchronous communications element slls037b march 1988 revised march 1996 22 post office box 655303 ? dallas, texas 75265 principles of operation table 7. baud rates using a 1.8432-mhz crystal desired divisor used percent error desired baud rate divisor used to generate 16 clock percent error difference between desired and actual baud rate 16 clock desired and actual 50 2304 75 1536 110 1047 0.026 134.5 857 0.058 150 768 300 384 600 192 1200 96 1800 64 2000 58 0.69 2400 48 3600 32 4800 24 7200 16 9600 12 19200 6 38400 3 56000 2 2.86 table 8. baud rates using a 3.072-mhz crystal desired divisor used percent error desired baud rate divisor used to generate 16 clock percent error difference between desired and actual baud rate 16 clock desired and actual 50 3840 75 2560 110 1745 0.026 134.5 1428 0.034 150 1280 300 640 600 320 1200 160 1800 107 0.312 2000 96 2400 80 3600 53 0.628 4800 40 7200 27 1.23 9600 20 19200 10 38400 5
tl16c450 asynchronous communications element slls037b march 1988 revised march 1996 23 post office box 655303 ? dallas, texas 75265 principles of operation xtal1 oscillator clock to baud generator logic v cc xtal2 external clock optional clock output driver optional xtal1 v cc xtal2 rx2 c1 r p crystal c2 oscillator clock to baud generator logic typical crystal oscillator network crystal r p rx2 c1 c2 3.1 mhz 1 m w 1.5 k w 10 30 pf 40 60 pf 1.8 mhz 1 m w 1.5 k w 10 30 pf 40 60 pf figure 10. typical clock circuits
tl16c450 asynchronous communications element slls037b march 1988 revised march 1996 24 post office box 655303 ? dallas, texas 75265 principles of operation receiver buffer register (rbr) the ace receiver section consists of a receiver shift register and a rbr. timing is supplied by the 16 receiver clock (rclk). receiver section control is a function of the ace line control register. the ace receiver shift register receives serial data from the serial input (sin) terminal. the receiver shift register then converts the data to a parallel form and loads it into the rbr. when a character is placed in the rbr and the received data available interrupt is enabled, an interrupt is generated. this interrupt is cleared when the data is read out of the rbr. scratch register the scratch register is an 8-bit register that is intended for programmer use as a scratchpad, in the sense that it temporarily holds programmer data without affecting any other ace operation. transmitter holding register (thr) the ace transmitter section consists of a thr and a transmitter shift register. timing is supplied by the baud out (baudout ) clock signal. transmitter section control is a function of the ace line control register. the ace thr receives data from the internal data bus and, when the shift register is idle, moves it into the transmitter shift register. the transmitter shift register serializes the data and outputs it at the serial output (sout). if the thr is empty and the transmitter holding register empty (thre) interrupt is enabled, an interrupt is generated. this interrupt is cleared when a character is loaded into the register.
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